Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) In Men And Women, Treatment, Dna, Disease

Table of contents:

Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) In Men And Women, Treatment, Dna, Disease
Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) In Men And Women, Treatment, Dna, Disease

Video: Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) In Men And Women, Treatment, Dna, Disease

Video: Trichomonas Vaginalis (Trichomonas Vaginalis) In Men And Women, Treatment, Dna, Disease
Video: What is trichomoniasis? | Infectious diseases | NCLEX-RN | Khan Academy 2024, March
Anonim

Page content

  • Symptoms
  • Complications
  • Diagnostics
  • Treatment
  • Morphology
  • Protein function
  • Virulence factors
  • Genome sequence and statistics
  • Genetic diversity
  • Increased susceptibility to HIV
  • Evolution
  • You can defeat parasites!

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomonas vaginalis) is an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite and causative agent of trichomoniasis. It is the most common pathogenic human protozoal infection in industrialized countries.

Transmission usually occurs through direct, skin contact with an infected person, most commonly through vaginal intercourse. WHO estimates that 160 million infections are reported worldwide every year.

What to do in such a situation? To get started, we recommend reading this article. This article details the methods of dealing with parasites. We also recommend contacting a specialist. Read the article >>>

It is estimated that there are 5 to 8 million infections in North America each year. Treatment usually consists of metronidazole and tinidazole. In the video below, you can see the parasite.

Image
Image

Trichomonas vaginalis

Symptoms

Trichomoniasis is sexually transmitted and is a common cause of vaginitis in women, while in men the infection manifests itself as symptoms of urethritis. The disease is characterized by "frothy", greenish vaginal discharge with a "musty" unpleasant odor.

Complications

Some of the complications caused by Trichomonas vaginalis in women include: premature birth,

  • low birth weight and increased mortality,
  • predisposition to HIV infection,
  • AIDS and cervical cancer.

T. vaginalis parasitizes the urinary tract, fallopian tubes and pelvis and can cause pneumonia, bronchitis and oral lesions. Condoms are effective in reducing the risk of infection, but do not completely prevent transmission.

Diagnostics

Currently, the most popular diagnosis method is through the analysis of the nocturnal urethra. T. vaginalis can also be diagnosed by PCR using primers specific for GENBANK / l23861.

Treatment

The infection is treated with metronidazole or tinidazole. The CDC recommends a single 2-gram dose of metronidazole or tinidazole. You can also take 500 milligrams twice a day for 7 days. Medication should be prescribed to all sexual partners as they may be asymptomatic.

Image
Image

Tinidazole

Morphology

Unlike other parasitic protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, etc.), Trichomonas vaginalis exists in only one morphological stage. It is slightly larger than a leukocyte, 9 × 7 μm in size. Five flagella near the cytostomy.

The functionality of the fifth flagellum is not known. In addition, a noticeable spiny axostyle protrudes opposite the bundle of four flagella. Axostyle can be used to attach to surfaces.

Image
Image

Morphology

Protein function

Trichomonas vaginalis lacks mitochondria and therefore requires enzymes and cytochromes to support oxidative phosphorylation.

T. vaginalis obtains nutrients by transport across the cell membrane and phagocytosis. The body is able to maintain energy needs by using small amounts of enzymes to provide energy through the glycolysis of glucose to glycerol and succinate in the cytoplasm, followed by the conversion of pyruvate and malate to hydrogen and acetate in an organelle called the hydrogenosome.

Virulence factors

One of the distinguishing features of Trichomonas vaginalis is the adhesion factors that allow the colonization of the cervical epithelium in women. Various virulence factors mediate this process, some of which are microtubules, microfilaments, bacterial adhesins, and cysteine proteinases.

Adhesins are four Trichomonas enzymes called AP65, AP51, AP33, and AP23 that mediate the interaction of the parasite with receptor molecules on VECs.

Cysteine proteinases may be another virulence factor because not only these 30 KDA proteins bind to host cell surfaces, but they can also degrade extracellular matrix proteins such as hemoglobin, fibronectin, or collagen IV.

Genome sequence and statistics

The genome of T. vaginalis has been found to be approximately 160 megabases in size [26] - ten times larger than predicted from the earlier gel-based chromosome size. For example, the human genome is ~ 3.5 gigabase. Two thirds of the sequence

T. vaginalis is composed of repetitive and transferable elements reflecting a massive, evolutionarily recent expansion of the genome. The total number of genes encoding the protein is ~ 98,000, which includes ~ 38,000 "repeat" genes (virus-like, transposon-like, retrotransposon-like and unclassified repeats, all with high copy numbers and low polymorphism).

In late 2007, TrichDB.org launched as a free public genomic data repository and search service for genomic-scale Trichomonas data. The site currently contains all project data

T. vaginalis sequence, multiple EST libraries and data mining and display tools. TrichDB is part of the NIH / NIAID-funded EupathDB Genomic Functional Database Project.

Genetic diversity

Recent studies of the genetic diversity of T. vaginalis have shown that there are two distinct strains of the parasite found throughout the world; both lines are represented evenly in field isolates. The two lines differ in whether T. vaginalis virus (TVV) infection is present.

Increased susceptibility to HIV

Damage of the Trichomonas vagina to the vaginal epithelium increases a woman's susceptibility to HIV infection. In addition to inflammation, the parasite also causes lysis of epithelial cells and red blood cells in the area, leading to more inflammation and destruction of the protective barrier normally provided by the epithelium. Having Trichomonas vaginalis can also increase the chances of an infected woman passing HIV on to her sexual partner (s).

Evolution

The biology of T. vaginalis is important for understanding the origin of sexual reproduction in eukaryotes. It is known that T. vaginalis does not undergo meiosis, a key stage in the eukaryotic reproductive cycle.

Image
Image

However, when Malik et al. Examined T. vaginalis for 29 genes known to function in meiosis, they found 27 such genes, including eight of the nine genes that are specific for meiosis in model organisms.

These results indicate that the capacity for meiosis and hence sexual reproduction was present in the recent ancestors of T. vaginalis. Twenty-one of the 27 meiosis genes were also found in another parasite, Giardia lamblia (also called Giardia intestinalis), indicating that these meiotic genes were present in the common ancestor of T. vaginalis and G. intestinalis.

Since the two species are descendants of lineages that diverge widely among eukaryotes, Malik et al. Noted that these meiotic genes were likely present in a common ancestor of all eukaryotes.

Recommended: