Salmonellosis - Treatment. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Consequences

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Salmonellosis - Treatment. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Consequences
Salmonellosis - Treatment. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Consequences

Video: Salmonellosis - Treatment. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Consequences

Video: Salmonellosis - Treatment. Symptoms, Diagnosis, Consequences
Video: Salmonellosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology 2024, March
Anonim

Salmonellosis - treatment. Salmonellosis is perhaps one of the most common infections affecting the intestines. The disease is extremely dangerous for infants and patients with a pronounced decrease in immunity. Understanding how salmonellosis is transmitted from person to person helps prevent the spread of infection. After drinking a chicken egg, you can easily contract salmonellosis. Salmonella is often found in animal products, and eggs are the number one threat. The high prevalence of salmonellosis is explained by the ability of Salmonella to maintain vital activity in the external environment. Bacteria proliferate actively at room temperature, while not changing the color and taste of the foods in which they live. So, today we will talk about the ways of transmission of salmonellosis.

The content of the article:

  • 1 What kind of disease is salmonellosis
  • 2 The mechanism of development of the disease salmonellosis
  • 3 Diagnosis of salmonellosis

    3.1 Forms of salmonellosis

  • 4 Ways of salmonellosis infection
  • 5 Human salmonellosis infection
  • 6 Is it possible to get salmonellosis from a sick person
  • 7 Salmonellosis in children
  • 8 How salmonellosis is transmitted from adults to children
  • 9 Treatment of salmonellosis
  • 10 How to avoid eating low-quality foods that contain salmonella

What kind of disease is salmonellosis

Salmonellosis (salmonellosis) is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella (except for typhoid and paratyphoid fever) that enter the human body with food of animal origin. The name of the bacterium comes from the name of the American microbiologist Daniel Salmon, who discovered it in 1885.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Salmonellosis (salmonellosis) is an acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella (except for typhoid and paratyphoid fever) that enter the human body with food of animal origin. The name of the bacterium comes from the name of the American microbiologist Daniel Salmon, who discovered it in 1885.

Once in the body, salmonella settle in the small intestine and secrete a toxin that contributes to the loss of water through the intestine, impaired vascular tone and damage to the nervous system. The disease develops 6-72 hours after Salmonella enters the body.

Salmonella are small motile bacteria that can survive for a long time in the external environment. So, in the water of open reservoirs, they can live up to 5 months, in the soil - up to 18 months, in meat and sausages - from 2 to 4 months, in frozen meat - about 6 months (in bird carcasses - more than a year), in milk - up to 20 days, kefir - up to 2 months, in butter - up to 4 months, in cheeses - up to 1 year, in beer - up to 2 months.

At room temperature, bacteria actively multiply in food, especially meat and dairy products, while the appearance and taste of food does not change. Salmonella does not die even during conservation, if the concentration of table salt is between 2-18%. Only high temperature is fatal for Salmonella - boiling kills them instantly. And conventional disinfectants containing chlorine are not always effective.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Ways of infection with salmonellosis are diverse: the most frequent is food, most often when eating meat from animals and birds, as well as eggs. Microbes get into food with insufficient culinary processing (half-baked steaks, raw and soft-boiled eggs, fried eggs), improper storage and violation of basic rules of personal hygiene.

The source of infection can also be animals, most often domestic animals (cattle, pigs, cats, dogs), birds, people with salmonellosis or healthy carriers of infection (when a person is a source of infection for others, but does not get sick himself). You can also get infected with salmonellosis through contaminated water - when drinking or bathing.

The mechanism of development of the disease salmonellosis

Salmonellosis - treatment. Infection usually occurs after contact with infected animals, after ingestion of food containing salmonella. Also, infection by airborne droplets, through water, everyday objects is not excluded. Other people who are carriers of salmonellosis bacilli can also be a source of infection.

Not every time bacteria enter the body through the mouth, a disease occurs. The bacteria first enter the human stomach, which contains gastric juice. Salmonella is sensitive to acidic environments, so gastric juice containing hydrochloric acid can kill some bacteria. Therefore, people who have problems with the secretion of gastric juice have the greatest sensitivity to bacteria.

The disease has a distinct seasonal dependence. In the warm season, there is a peak in diseases. However, you can catch salmonellosis in any season.

If the gastric barrier has been successfully passed, then bacteria colonize the intestines and begin their destructive activity. They can adhere well to the intestinal mucosa and penetrate into surface tissues. In this case, bacteria can release various toxins that poison the body and cause malaise, vomiting and diarrhea. Dying Salmonella also release dangerous toxins.

Salmonella is also very good at bypassing the body's defenses. Having detected an invasion, the immune system sends special cells - macrophages - to meet the pathogens. However, Salmonella have learned to use these cells to their advantage. Once absorbed by macrophages, some salmonella do not die, but move with them through the bloodstream and thus migrate to other tissues of the body.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Thus, salmonella can affect not only the intestines, but also the liver, kidneys, heart, and even the meninges. This feature of salmonellosis pathogens is the reason that the disease can lead to severe complications and go far beyond the gastrointestinal tract.

Salmonellosis - treatment. Anyone can get salmonellosis, regardless of age and gender. However, small children and the elderly are most susceptible to it - due to their weakened immunity. In addition, their disease is more severe.

Diagnostics of the salmonellosis

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

It is possible to suspect this disease in adults by its clinical picture, by the characteristic type of stool, by the fact that in the general blood test there are high numbers of leukocytes with a stab shift.

The diagnosis is confirmed by the isolation of the pathogen (salmonella) from: feces; vomit; wash water; urine; blood. This requires inoculation of these fluids on diagnostic media. The answer is received in 5 days.

Forms of salmonellosis

Lightweight. The flow of this form speaks for itself. It doesn't happen very often, but everything has a place to be. In most cases, it is characterized by normal temperature, maybe slightly overestimated; there are no repeated vomiting, diarrhea, as a rule, liquefied stool no more than three times a day. The patient begins to bounce back within one or two days, and on the third day there is an almost complete recovery.

Heavy. If we compare it with the course of a mild form of the disease, then the difference in the above signs is obvious. If in the first case the patient's temperature is kept normal, then a febrile condition is already present. It can last from three to five days; also in relation to vomiting, it is repeated, and stool - defecation can occur up to twenty times a day; there is a sharp drop in pressure, the voice weakens; the course of the disease in this form is similar to such a disease as dysentery.

Typhoid. At the beginning, according to the first signs, it may resemble the course of the gastrointestinal form, but soon it begins to look more and more like signs of typhoid fever in character - which is supported by the patient's feverish state, which lasts a week. As well as pronounced signs of intoxication when the patient is in a clouded mind with the presence of delusions and hallucinations. Usually, by the end of the week, a rash forms in the abdomen, which lasts up to three days. At the same time, the color of the tongue changes greatly - it becomes gray with a brown tint, bloating, pallor of the skin, enlargement of the liver and spleen are noted. The course of treatment is quite long and full recovery can occur no earlier than a month, or even one and a half.

Septic. It is considered one of the rarest forms of this disease. In most cases, it manifests itself only in elderly patients, as well as those with weak immunity and in infants. Prolonged fever, strong sweating, chills, the presence of jaundice and the development of purulent inflammatory processes - these are the characteristic signs of the course of this form. Despite rare cases of occurrence, the percentage of deaths or the acquisition of chronic sepsis is very high.

Asymptomatic. As a rule, when a small amount of bacteria gets in, a strong body independently copes with the infectious attack of salmonellosis, while the symptoms of the disease are not observed.

Salmonellosis infection routes

Salmonellosis - treatment. The person is very susceptible to Salmonella invasion. The cause of salmonellosis infection is unoriginal - the ingestion of salmonella into the human body. Salmonella is usually carried by animals.

It can be either "game" (as one of the characters in the "Diamond Hand" said), including wild birds, or domestic animals, especially pigs and cattle. In recent years, salmonellosis has become extremely popular among chickens. Salmonella thrive especially well in poultry droppings, the ubiquity of which makes this substance extremely contagious.

Infection occurs when caring for animals on farms, slaughtering livestock at meat processing plants, using contaminated meat, dairy products and eggs for food.

By the way, beware of your pets too: 10% of dogs and cats carry Salmonella. A person can also be a source of infection, especially in a hospital setting.

Salmonellosis is an increased threat for children under 1 year of age, because this period is marked by a remarkable susceptibility to salmonella. Man, as well as representatives of the animal and feathered world, are often latent carriers of Salmonella. In animals, open salmonellosis may never appear, especially if they have strong immunity.

A person can secretly carry Salmonella in themselves for up to 1 year. The route of transmission of salmonellosis is fecal-oral, through food: eggs, minced meat, meat salads - all this is a "risky diet" in terms of salmonellosis. If you have broken a raw egg, and its smell seems suspicious to you, it is better not to tempt fate.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Fish and plant foods are safer in this sense. A contact route of infection in domestic conditions is possible: through common items, children's toys, nursing and parental hands, chamber pots, medical products. Another known invasive factor is dust containing droppings from infected birds.

Salmonellosis, unlike many intestinal infections, cannot be considered a kind of "village" disease: it occurs mainly in large cities, in economically developed countries.

That is, it is quite a "civilized" disease, the object of which is more likely to be a sleek German burgher than a half-starved Kenyan teenager. Salmonellosis infection from humans

Salmonellosis infection from humans

Salmonellosis - treatment. Observations of recent years indicate the possibility of infection when communicating with an infected person. In this case, the so-called household path of transmission of the pathogen is realized.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

The household spread of Salmonella among people more often occurs in young children, especially in the foci of nosocomial infection. The household route of transmission of the pathogen is extremely important for newborns, premature babies and children weakened by other diseases.

The most likely transmission factors for the pathogen are hands (mothers, staff), childcare items, towels, linen, changing tables, playpens, pots, etc.

Infection with salmonellosis (that is, through products contaminated by a sick person) is quite real and it is all the more likely, the higher the overall incidence of salmonellosis. However, this option is of secondary importance. And finally, the formation of foci of hospital salmonellosis is the most important problem of modern healthcare.

In a hospital setting, infection of one patient from another is ensured due to the transmission through the hands of medical personnel and medical equipment of the formed hospital strains (most often, S. typhi-murium).

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

These strains acquire increased virulence for humans due to the presence of additional genetic material, and most likely not plasmid (the plasmid profile of hospital strains does not have any specificity), but phage, the genetic material of which is incorporated into the chromosome of a bacterial cell. It is no accident that hospital strains acquire lysogenicity in relation to most bacteriophages.

Salmonella is secreted from sick people within 1-3 weeks, from carriers-convalescents - within 1-2 months. In some cases, people who have had salmonellosis develop a chronic carrier of bacteria and the pathogens are released for more than one year.

Is it possible to get salmonellosis from a sick person

Salmonellosis - treatment. A person with salmonellosis poses a danger to others in terms of infection during the entire duration of the illness.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

But even after the cure, the so-called bacterial excretion persists for some time. The person is healthy, has no symptoms, but continues to excrete Salmonella.

Types of bacteria excretion

  • acute - lasts up to 3 months, while the person is healthy, but salmonella is detected in the analyzes;
  • chronic - lasts longer than 3 months;
  • transient - some time after recovery, the patient has salmonella, and after that all tests are negative.

Salmonellosis in children

The incubation period for salmonellosis in children is 3-4 days. The severity of symptoms and signs of salmonellosis in children depends on the age of the child. The most difficult salmonellosis occurs in young children (infants and children under 1 year old).

Salmonellosis - treatment. In the first days of the disease with salmonellosis in children, general signs of intoxication predominate: weakness, refusal to eat, fever (39 C), crying. On the 3-4th day of the development of salmonellosis, children develop diarrhea (diarrhea). The stool becomes more frequent (more than 10 times a day).

The bowel movements in children with salmonellosis are watery with a greenish tinge. On the 7th day of the development of the disease with salmonellosis, streaks of blood can be found in the stool. Lack of treatment for salmonellosis in young children is usually fatal.

If there are signs and symptoms of salmonellosis, it is necessary to urgently take the child to the hospital. Before the arrival of doctors, it is necessary for the child to drink more (Regidron, Oralit). If you do not have these medicines, you can give your child tea, fruit juice. In addition, a child with suspected salmonellosis should be isolated from other children.

How salmonellosis is transmitted from adults to children

Salmonellosis - treatment. Salmonellosis can affect adults and children of any age, but children in the first two years of life are most often affected. In young children, the main source of infection is sick adults (with clinical manifestations or asymptomatic bacteria carriers).

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in young children are more severe and prolonged, accompanied by intoxication and deeper damage to the gastrointestinal tract, often develop into sepsis (blood poisoning). Acute salmonellosis in young children often turns into a long-term carrier of bacteria.

All adult family members caring for a small child (not just the mother) must practice good personal hygiene. It is necessary to monitor the quality of personal hygiene of the baby's older brothers and sisters. In only breastfed babies, infection occurs through the hands of mothers and other caregivers.

Microbes can spread from objects on the table (after cutting raw meat) by contact to any other household items in the kitchen, and then to the apartment.

At the same time, they concentrate on those items that are often touched by people's hands: light switches, door handles, water tap valves, toilet flush handles, children's items, including cribs, toys.

You should pay special attention to them during the current cleaning. Since Salmonella can persist in room dust, nipples that have fallen to the floor must be replaced with new clean ones, and not just rinsed or even licked. From the moment of infection to the onset of symptoms, it can take from 2-6 hours to 2-3 days.

Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person
Is salmonellosis transmitted from person to person

Salmonellosis - treatment. The disease begins acutely. The body temperature rises to 39 ° C and above, nausea appears, repeated vomiting, which sometimes becomes indomitable, there are pains in the epigastric region, headache. Then diarrhea joins these symptoms of the disease. Stools are frequent, watery, sometimes mixed with mucus, rarely blood. Convulsions are possible.

Salmonellosis treatment

Salmonellosis - treatment. In a hospital setting, it is provided only in the presence of complications. If the degree of intoxication and dehydration (dehydration) is high, the patient may be required not to leave the bed.

As a rule, treatment begins with gastrointestinal lavage and the administration of enterosorbents (polysorb, activated carbon, enterodesis). Further - depending on the degree of dehydration. Depending on the loss of fluid, 3 (in some sources - 4) degrees of dehydration are distinguished: up to 5%, 5-10% and over 10% of the total body fluid.

If salmonellosis is accompanied by 1-2 degrees of dehydration, then in this case, water-salt solutions with glucose are prescribed, such as rehydron, hydrovit, glucosolan. Solutions are taken orally often and in small portions. With dehydration of the 3rd degree, intravenous jet injection of polyionic crystalloid solutions (trisol, quartasol) is indicated.

A bit of gastronomy: with salmonellosis, dairy products, black bread, cereals with milk, legumes, cucumbers, sauerkraut, citrus fruits, grapes, spicy foods and alcohol are excluded from the menu.

After correcting the water-electrolyte balance (and only after that), detoxification measures can be carried out by introducing hemodesis, rheopolyglucin and other macromolecular colloidal preparations. In the gastrointestinal form of salmonellosis, antibiotics are usually not prescribed.

Only with generalized forms of the disease is it appropriate to take fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol or doxycycline. Eubiotics (linex, bactisubtil, bioflor), enzyme preparations (mezim, festal), antispasmodics (no-shpa) are prescribed as auxiliary agents for salmonellosis.

How to avoid eating low-quality foods that contain salmonella

Salmonellosis - treatment. In order to avoid salmonelleosis, you need to carefully monitor what foods you eat:

  • meat, eggs, milk and dairy products should be purchased only in stores and in specialized markets;
  • if there is any doubt about the quality of the products, then you can ask the seller for a certificate of RosPodtrebNadzor;
  • carcasses of animals and eggs must be stamped;
  • if you buy products from private sellers, then you should do it only from those who have been trading on the market for a long time and have a good reputation;
  • boil all foods well, do not eat raw eggs;
  • when eating quail eggs, the risk of contracting salmonellosis is lower, but still there;
  • do not eat raw sausages, pies, semi-finished products;
  • do not buy meringues, bird milk candies and other raw egg products if they are made a long time ago, even if they have not yet expired.
  • careful personal hygiene, washing household items with disinfectants and boiling them helps to avoid infection in the foci of infection.

Find out more:

  • Salmonella - what is it? Salmonellosis: symptoms, treatment
  • Salmonellosis - disease symptoms, tests and treatment
  • Treatment of salmonellosis in children: medicines, methods and forms
  • Intestinal Infection: Salmonellosis - Symptoms and Treatment
  • Salmonellosis in a child: signs, symptoms and treatment
  • Salmonellosis in children: symptoms, signs, treatment
  • Salmonellosis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

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